build: Pikaur-safe hardening flags, opt-in sanitizers, -Wsign-compare

Re-introduce the build hardening that 5459e78e8 attempted, in a form that
coexists with Arch/Pikaur builds (the conflict that forced its revert in
0722dc9e3).

configure.ac:
- Add -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 only when neither $CFLAGS nor $CPPFLAGS already
  define _FORTIFY_SOURCE (makepkg injects its own) and not under --coverage.
- Route glib/gio CFLAGS through -isystem so their macros don't trip our -W set.
- Add --enable-sanitizers (ASan + UBSan; unsigned-integer-overflow probed,
  skipped on gcc) for a dedicated CI job, off by default.
- Add --enable-hardening to gate -Wnull-dereference (false positives under
  -O2 on some toolchains), off by default.
- Promote -Wsign-compare from -Wno- to an active probed warning.

Also fix the sign-conversion sites that -Wsign-compare/-Wconversion cleanup
surfaced as safe (pointer-diff to gsize via new g_diff_to_gsize helper,
non-negative int casts), and validate the /vcard remove index through
strtoi_range so a negative argument can no longer become a huge unsigned
index.

Refs #112

configure.ac

@@ -71,6 +71,10 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE([omemo-qrcode],
     [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-omemo-qrcode], [enable ability to display omemo qr code])])
 AC_ARG_ENABLE([coverage],
     [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-coverage], [enable code coverage analysis])])
+AC_ARG_ENABLE([sanitizers],
+    [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-sanitizers], [enable AddressSanitizer + UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer + unsigned-integer-overflow])])
+AC_ARG_ENABLE([hardening],
+    [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-hardening], [enable extra hardening warnings (e.g. -Wnull-dereference) that may produce false positives under -O2])])
 
 m4_include([m4/ax_valgrind_check.m4])
 AX_VALGRIND_DFLT([drd], [off])
@@ -395,7 +399,7 @@ AC_SUBST([FORKPTY_LIB])
 
 ## Default parameters
 AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS -Wall -Wextra -Wformat=2 -Wno-format-zero-length"
-AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-missing-field-initializers -Wno-sign-compare -Wno-cast-function-type"
+AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-missing-field-initializers -Wno-cast-function-type"
 AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS -Wpointer-arith"
 AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS -Wimplicit-function-declaration"
 AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS -Wundef"
@@ -406,7 +410,8 @@ AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS -std=gnu99 -ggdb3"
 # GCC-specific warnings (not supported by clang) — test each one
 saved_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
 for _flag in -Wlogical-op -Wduplicated-cond -Wduplicated-branches \
-             -Wstringop-overflow -Warray-bounds=2 -Walloc-zero; do
+             -Wstringop-overflow -Warray-bounds=2 -Walloc-zero \
+             -Wsign-compare; do
     AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $CC supports $_flag])
     CFLAGS="$saved_CFLAGS $_flag -Werror"
     AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM()],
@@ -433,11 +438,46 @@ AS_IF([test "x$enable_coverage" = xyes],
      AM_LDFLAGS="$AM_LDFLAGS --coverage"
      AC_MSG_NOTICE([Code coverage analysis enabled])])
 
+AS_IF([test "x$enable_sanitizers" = xyes],
+    [SAN_FLAGS="-fsanitize=address,undefined"
+     saved_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
+     CFLAGS="$saved_CFLAGS -fsanitize=unsigned-integer-overflow -Werror"
+     AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $CC supports -fsanitize=unsigned-integer-overflow])
+     AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM()],
+         [AC_MSG_RESULT([yes]); SAN_FLAGS="$SAN_FLAGS,unsigned-integer-overflow"],
+         [AC_MSG_RESULT([no])])
+     CFLAGS="$saved_CFLAGS"
+     AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS $SAN_FLAGS -fno-sanitize-recover=all -fno-omit-frame-pointer"
+     AM_LDFLAGS="$AM_LDFLAGS -fsanitize=address,undefined"
+     AC_MSG_NOTICE([Sanitizers enabled: $SAN_FLAGS])])
+
+AS_IF([test "x$enable_hardening" = xyes],
+    [saved_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
+     for _flag in -Wnull-dereference; do
+         AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $CC supports $_flag])
+         CFLAGS="$saved_CFLAGS $_flag -Werror"
+         AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM()],
+             [AC_MSG_RESULT([yes]); AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS $_flag"],
+             [AC_MSG_RESULT([no])])
+     done
+     CFLAGS="$saved_CFLAGS"
+     AC_MSG_NOTICE([Extra hardening warnings enabled])])
+
+# Skip _FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 if env already set one (Pikaur/makepkg) or under coverage -O0 (FORTIFY needs -O>0).
+AS_IF([test "x$enable_coverage" != xyes],
+    [AS_CASE([" ${CPPFLAGS} ${CFLAGS} "],
+        [*_FORTIFY_SOURCE=*], [AC_MSG_NOTICE([_FORTIFY_SOURCE preset from environment, leaving as-is])],
+        [AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2"])])
+
 AS_IF([test "x$PACKAGE_STATUS" = xdevelopment],
     [AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS -Wunused -Werror"])
 AS_IF([test "x$PLATFORM" = xosx],
     [AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS -Qunused-arguments"])
 
+# Treat glib/gio headers as system to keep their macros out of our -W* set.
+glib_CFLAGS=$(echo "$glib_CFLAGS" | sed 's/-I/-isystem /g')
+gio_CFLAGS=$(echo "$gio_CFLAGS" | sed 's/-I/-isystem /g')
+
 AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS $PTHREAD_CFLAGS $glib_CFLAGS $gio_CFLAGS $curl_CFLAGS ${SQLITE_CFLAGS}"
 AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS $libnotify_CFLAGS ${GTK_CFLAGS} $python_CFLAGS"
 AM_CFLAGS="$AM_CFLAGS -DTHEMES_PATH=\"\\\"$THEMES_PATH\\\"\" -DICONS_PATH=\"\\\"$ICONS_PATH\\\"\" -DGLOBAL_PYTHON_PLUGINS_PATH=\"\\\"$GLOBAL_PYTHON_PLUGINS_PATH\\\"\" -DGLOBAL_C_PLUGINS_PATH=\"\\\"$GLOBAL_C_PLUGINS_PATH\\\"\""